Paperback" The urnfield culture " 
excerpt from the e-book and the paperback "The urnfield culture" by Ernst Probst.
the urnfield culture is seen in Europe as one of the major cultures of the Late Bronze Age lasted from about 1300/1200 to 800 v. BC was able to and extending from the northern Balkan countries on the Danube to the Upper Rhine region spread. In Germany they were in Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Saarland, Rhineland-Palatinate, Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia parts (Lower Rhine Embayment) and native to south of the Thuringian Forest.
The term "urnfield culture" based upon the time that the dead burned at the stake and then often dumped their ashes or bones in clay urns and buried in graves were fire. Occasionally form the cremations urns expansive fields with dozens or hundreds of funerals. As first formulated
1885, the Director of the Grand Ducal Collections in Karlsruhe, Ernst Wagner (1832-1920), the name "urn cemeteries." His publication "burial mounds and urn cemeteries Baden "in 1886 by King Otto Berger prehistorian Carpenters (1843-1891) in the" comments West German magazine. It said Carpenters 'from' urn of the Bronze Age fields.
According to most pre-historians was the Urnfield time for a bumpy section of prehistory. At that time, probably translated into many areas of Europe, large population movements, which were probably originated in the Middle Danube area. You probably not only reached southern Germany, but also the Balkans and the eastern Mediterranean region. Even the Egyptians had to fend off the invaders by force of arms.
Their cause had the great migrations of the trouble-makers may in a significant increase in population, the consequences of an unfavorable dry climate have been strengthened. Another motive could be the interest of leaders of the affected communities had participated in military campaigns, which were increasing on a successful course of both prey and reputation. These campaigns now probably caused evasive movements of these tribes, in whose territories the Conqueror invaded first.
But there were also experts who questioned whether such hikes. The Freiburg prehistorian Georg Kraft (1894-1944), for example, closed in 1927 after the examination of South German urnfield that a great cultural movement from east to west took place. By contrast, represented In 1938 the Austrian archaeologist Richard Pittioni (1906-1985), the Court held in the Lausitz between Saxony, Brandenburg and Silesia in the 13th Century BC, used a large migration. From the meeting of the migrating groups with the older indigenous cultures in different parts of Europe were caused as a result of local Urnfield groups in the 12th and 11 Century BC, almost the entire continent had been disseminated.
In view of certain similarities in the archaeological finds - such as recurrent similar types of vessels - also said Pittioni all Urnfield groups had listened to a community with the same language. He assumed that the urnfield culture with a concrete single language, namely, the Illyrian, could be linked to, and addressed in this context of so-called Proto-Illyrians. According to the Pittioni Urnfield people old Europeans who were large parts of Europe took possession.
the Tübingen archaeologist Wolfgang Kimmig denied in 1964, that the individual Urnfield groups had listened to a people. Only the eastern groups could be assigned to the Illyrian Ethnicity. How Pittioni also Kimmig advocated the theory of migration, which are responsible in addition to cultural contacts and cultural exchanges with various mutual influences of the spread of the urnfield culture.
According Kimmig led the migrations of the Urnfield people of Greece, the Aegean islands as far as Syria, Palestine and Egypt. Consequently, European strangers would be entered in the Mediterranean and it could cause unrest in central Europe, Italy, France, Spain and even England.
for southern Germany and the Eastern Alps region will be used in 1902 by the then working in Mainz archaeologist Paul Reinecke (1872-1958) introduced step designations D Bronze Age, Hallstatt Hallstatt A and B. Of which includes Hallstatt A two sub-levels (A 1 Ha, Ha A 2), Hallstatt B had three sub-levels (B 1 Ha, Ha
B 2, B 3 Ha).
The classification of the stages and sub stages based on certain bronze objects and their shape changes (swords, daggers, knives, razors, pins, brooches, bracelets, cups), and pottery. The many distinctive forms of these levels and lower levels in 1959 were described by the previously serving in Munich archaeologist Hermann Müller-Karpe. A detailed list of those objects is not in a popular science book like this possible.
According to the latest thinking is today the urnfield culture divided into three parts. The first stage corresponds to the late-Bronze Age burial mounds (D Bronze Age) and early urnfield period (Hallstatt A 1). The second stage comprises the central urnfield period (Hallstatt A 2 to B 1) and the third stage of the Late urnfield period (Hallstatt B 2 / 3).
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http://www.grin.com/e-book/93166/die-urnenfelder-kultur orders of the pocket book "The urn-field culture" in the book wholesaler "Libri".
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