dishes and humans as offerings
a rough draft Text for the book "Germany in the Bronze Age" (1996) by Ernst Probst old German spelling
The independent cultures of the Late Bronze Age in central Germany was the same river named after the Thuringian Unstrut group. It came from the Middle Bronze Age burial mounds culture and was thereby strongly influenced by the urnfield culture. The term Unstrut group has proposed at that time in 1943, the National Museum at Halle / Saale acting archaeologist Wilhelm Albert von Brunn (1911-1988).
Some prehistorians instead use the name Walter Lebener group, referring to the cemetery at Erfurt in Thuringia Walter life. From Walter Lebener the group spoke in 1928 as the first of the teacher and archaeologist Ernst Lehmann (1893-1950) from Erfurt. Could not be assertive, the somewhat awkward-sounding names "culture of the cemetery at the Erfurt airport" and "culture" of the Thuringian cairn tombs.
Unstrut The group was popular from about 1300/1200 to 800 BC in the area of Unstrut to the South Harz. Its core area lay in the Thuringian Basin, where appropriated the fertile loess soil good for farming. Some sites are located in the Fulda basin in northern Hesse. The Unstrut group had contact with neighboring cultures, and this was more or less strongly influenced. In the southwest
Thuringia affected - according to the findings of the Jena prehistorian Karl Peschel - first from the West Bohemian-eastern Bavaria urnfield culture in a substantial manner. She formed with the Unstrut group and coined the upper reaches of the Saale and the Weisse Elster local branch of the Lusatian culture to Osterländischen group which claimed an estimated 250 years.
Later came the west and the center of Thuringia in the sphere of influence under the main-Swabian group of the urnfield culture, and finally by their low Hessian border zone. At that time, sometimes merged the forms and decorations of the pottery of the Unstrut Group and the Lower Hessian urnfield culture.
In the north-east of Thuringia beyond helmets and went Unstrut Unstrut the group of villages in the helmet group. This community was in the eastern and northern Harz region of Saxony-Anhalt resident.
Although the people of the Unstrut group and the group mentioned Osterländischen distinction of the Lusatian culture in dress and worship, both mixed in eastern Thuringia. In addition, the Unstrut people were connected to the Bohemian Knovízer culture and how they practiced the corpse dismemberment.
The clothes of the people Unstrut was made with looms. From such a 24 loom weights are 15 to 18 centimeters in length, together with ceramic remains in a settlement pit of Weimar-Belvedere were recovered. From the clothing itself is only the accessories in the form of bronze knobs is obtained with rear grommet and the egg-roll head, record head and vase needles with which the outer garment was held together.
The bronze razor Unstrut group have partly a short, three-section handle. In Kunitz (Jena) a razor cut in half only got bronze grave.
remains of unfortified settlements in the lowlands, in addition to others in Erfurt-Nord and discovered in Weimar Belvedere. Its inhabitants were farmers and ranchers.
In Erfurt-Nord came to the site of a gravel pit cellar, waste and fire pits and post holes to light. The waste pits containing Pottery, food waste, animal bones and house appliances. Ernst Lehmann In 1929, this settlement relics erroneously attributed to the Knovízer culture because he thought he recognized among the ceramics.
could pits, post holes, daub, loom weights, pottery, animal bones and a bronze needle roller head are dug in Weimar Belvedere. The local pottery fragments come from terrines, Doppelkoni, Eitöpfen, mugs, cups and storage vessels. Also on mountains have
dirt settlements Unstrut Group located. That was on the rock mountain near Pößneck-Öpitz (Saale-Orla-Kreis) and the sliding of Saalfeld (District Saalfeld-Rudolf city) the case. In both Hilltop sites were located on both members of the Unstrut Osterländischen and the group of the Lusatian culture.
fortified hilltop settlements are man Unstrut group on the old track mountain (Monk Mountain) at Graitschen (Saale-Holzland-Kreis), on the Jenzig at Jena-Little Jena and on the Johannisberg at Jena-Lobeda in Thuringia and on the old castle near Nebra been / Unstrut (Castle County) in Saxony-Anhalt built. Which is also located near Jena mounting on the Dohlenstein was inhabited only by people of the mentioned Osterländischen group of the Lusatian culture. Such "castles" point to troubled times and armed conflicts. They are also well as Artisan and commercial centers considered.
The hilltop settlement on the old castle near Nebra / Unstrut was fortified by a moat and a rampart. This hill-fort was by the then studied in Halle / Saale working prehistorian Volker Töpfer (1908-1989) and Dietrich Mania.
In Thuringia Ichtershausen (Ilm-Kreis), the cultivation of cereals einkorn (Triticum monococcum), (dicoccon Triticum) emmer wheat and winter barley (Hordeum vulgare) and the legume faba bean (Vicia faba) and lentil (Lens culinaris). In addition, we hid there remains (Polygonum convolvulus) of the edible weed species Roggentrespe (Bromus secalinus) and Bindweed. In Erfurt-Nord came Emmer, Barley, millet (Panicum miliaceum) and false flax (Camelina sativa) to light. Camelina oil is made from technical and manufacturing for food purposes. On the old castle near Nebra / Unstrut are barley and emmer wheat and broad bean, pea (Pisum sativum) and lens used.
The farmers cut the ripe grain mostly with bronze sickles. Such harvesters came several times in large numbers in depots. Sole custody of Frank lives (Merseburg-Querfurt) include a total of 235 complete button sickles and two fragments of such. The depot 1 of Braunsbedra (Merseburg-Querfurt) contained 84 bronze sickles, the custodian of Schkopau (Merseburg-Querfurt) 36 sickles and the button Custodian of Kretzschau-Groitzsch (Burgenlandkreis) in Saxony-Anhalt 50 sickles button.
are considered typical of pottery forms Unstrut Group Schulterwulstamphoren, terrines with warts bumps, conical cups, plates with a turban and gezipfeltem edge and cups and bowls. The clay pots are decorated with warts bumps, grooves, vertical or steeply sloping ridges, Ringabrollungen, holes and notch series.
clay molds for the casting of rings were found in Pößneck-Schlettwein (Saale-Orla-Kreis), where remains of the Unstrut group together with relics of Osterländischen group of the Lusatian culture were retrieved. The molds were assembled with massive round-character Neck, arm and leg rings to light.
were to form the bronze range of tools button and tongue sickles, rags and socketed axes and knives and saws. Two fragments of a saw with a hole in the end it was discovered before 1880 in Holzhausen Castle (castle district). Antler antler hammers are prepared from Jena Wöllnitz (one copy) and Erfurt-Melchendorfer (two copies) before. At the latter place where the other two Knochenpfrieme and the pierced blade of an ax were recovered with a pentagonal outline.
Unstrut The men of the group were armed mainly with spears, swords, but in addition also with bow and arrow and significantly less often with imported bronze. The wooden arrow shafts
were reinforced with both bony as well as bronze arrowheads. Bone arrowheads have been found in Jena and Wöllnitz Pößneck-Öpitz (Saale-Orla-Kreis). The
in Bothenheilingen (the city of Guangzhou circle) custodian discovered a dealer comprised six swords. Of these, two swords Mörigen (80.1 and 64.8 inches long), two swords Auvernier (84.5 and 73.1 centimeters) and two antenna swords (84.1 and 65.2 centimeters) are. The Mörigen Auvernier and swords were named after finds from shore settlements in Switzerland.
The recovery of a further deposit of imported swords succeeded in Thuringia Kehmstedt (District Nordhausen). It consisted of seven swords and a spear-head, all with the tip pointing in the same direction. The longest sword measures 76 centimeters. This armory was exposed in the soil and is interpreted as a votive offering to a higher power. For
discovered in the 1870s, scrap metal depot Schmiedehausen (district Weimarer Land) was even the damaged right cheek flap of a bronze helmet. She has two holes at the top and one at the lower end. It is decorated with two accompanying Perlbuckelreihen the edge.
of people in the group are sometimes Unstrut metal containers were imported. Particularly impressive evidence of this from the deposit Braunsbedra (Merseburg-Querfurt) with seven bronze cups Fuchs-type city, two bronze cups with star pattern of type Osternienburg-Dresden, and a ladle.
found in the depot of Pößneck-Schlettwein, among others, three driven bronze cups. One of them corresponds to the type fox city, the other is similar, while the third type the Jenisovice-Kirkendrup is allocated.
include the bronze pieces from the group Unstrut addition to the aforementioned needles and hooks spirals, twisted neck rings, jewelry discs (phalerae) and thin rings. In the body of Erfurt-Melchendorfer graves were often used as hair and earrings-made pendants joined together small wire and metal rings to light. Besides metal
Jewelry you wore shell ornaments (Dreitzsch, Saale-Orla-Kreis, Erfurt-Melchendorfer, Münchenroda, Jena). The pierced shell from Erfurt-Melchendorfer is from the domestic duck mussel (Anodonta cygnea). The
often found in pairs hook spirals - one larger and one smaller - were probably for holding the garment. Also not clear is the way of wearing thin rings of Erfurt and Erfurt-Airport-Steiger. You might as headdress in the region of the ear, a side or both sides have been worn in the hair or on a tape. They may also be hung on pierced ear lobe, as shown later on the face of clay urns. From
the area of Großbrembach (District Sömmerda) in Thuringia, a road known at the time. Then a car left with a wheelbase of one meter, a 25-meter long track.
were in the range of the group Unstrut-body burials in stone cists and stone box graves and cremations usual. The stone lay in flat packs or burial mounds. The hillside cemetery of Auleben (District Nordhausen) included more than 200 grave mounds, most of which belong to the later Bronze Age. When cremation was frequently a clay tureen as a container for the cremated remains.
men were often with her lance on the Pyre burned. Of the weapon was only a bronze tip obtained which was placed together with a pin and a bracelet to the grave. While women have been provided several times decorated with two bronze hook spirals and a needle. Both in body and in cremations pottery vessels were used as adjuncts. A fire grave of Erfurt-Melchendorfer contained 13 Beigefäße who were on the scattered cremations.
As far largest burial mounds of Unstrut Group is the cemetery of Erfurt-Melchendorfer, reference Wiesenhügel III, with 79 studied tombs. Of these, 58
body and 21 cremations with or without stone protection. Originally, there are an estimated the excavator to have been made Bernd W. Weimar sheet of about 150 to 200 funerals.
The outlines of the stone box graves with bodies of Erfurt-Melchendorfer burials are in a majority long rectangular, oval or rhombic. Among them were trough-shaped grave pits. In this cemetery are buried many remarkable children. Once you have a mother buried with her child.
The cemetery of Erfurt-Walter life after is the aforementioned Walter Lebener group was, on the plot are dead man there as early as 1881 the first stone box graves and tombs have been investigated with loose stone protection. Between 1881 and 1901 where a total of 13 graves were.
The cemetery on the former airport in Erfurt-Nord 46 includes mainly built of limestone grave plants. To him they had come 1926, leveling work for the airport on the southern slope of Red Mountain. The graves were examined by the archaeologist Ernst Lehmann.
could be found traces of grave robbers in a grave from the time when Altengottern (the city of Guangzhou District) in Thuringia. The wicked had a shaft driven forward to the grave, there to steal valuable metal offerings. They destroyed some skeletons and threw our grave goods. In Altengottern possibly the first documented Beraubungsschacht directly from the urn-field time has been discovered.
belonged to the cult group Unstrut dishes sacrifice, cannibalism of human mandibles-made amulets, ritual human sacrifice and probably more motivated. As
dishes victims interpreted the pottery in a 1.20-meter-deep pit with a diameter of 1.50 meters from Dreitzsch (Saale-Orla-Kreis). This locality was settled by members of both was Unstrut Osterländischen and the group of the Lusatian culture.
In Jena, a Wöllnitz found a human lower jaw-built amulet. It is decorated with a carved wheel cross, which perhaps represented a sun symbol.
individuals in municipal solid waste from Erfurt-Nord existing human bone or Pieces of bone with shock and burn marks are regarded as evidence of cannibalistic customs. They were discovered along with charred corn and - as mentioned - the assigned mistakenly Knovízer culture.
relics cannibalistic rituals were also in two settlement pits the old Castle near Nebra / Unstrut in Saxony-Anhalt. came to this view, the then in Halle / Saale working archaeologist Dietrich Mania after the examination of the local finds.
been found in a pit, the skeletal remains of a man who cut off the head and cut off the arms and legs down to stumps or were cut off. How burn marks show are probably the eviscerated torso, the skull and Shoulder belt parts have been fried. The heated skull has been opened to remove the brain, the so prepared and eaten victims appears. Then you have buried the Association still located in the skeleton remains.
In another pit of Altenburg excavated an isolated piece of skull fracture with charred edges. Again, this together with large quantities of roasted cereals and pulses recovered Fund is probably not from a regular burial.
on ritual cannibalism have also each a "ruffled" skeleton at Collenbey close Schkopau (Merseburg-Querfurt) and close by Schkortleben (District White Rock). In
Collenbey several pits have been discovered, which were found in a large number of shards, animal bones, including two largely preserved bovine skeletons and skeletal remains of four adults and two children. Either these people are in the presence of potsherds and animal bones buried in pits or thrown in with this waste was. The latter was Ernst Lehmann likely. He said that if it were the bodies of slaves or other persons low.
incomprehensible played from the middle to late Bronze Age / early Iron Age (about 1600 to 800 BC) before and in some caves near the Kyffhäuser Bad Frankenhausen (Kyffhäuser District) in Thuringia from. There were held outdoors and in caves macabre rituals in which they consumed animal and human flesh.
of these processes are evidence in the cave a whipped human bones with cut and fire marks. This was mainly to skeletal fragments of young people and children who were thrown together with animal remains in the cave.
lay in the gap of the cavity 9 pigs, pigs, goats, cattle bones, vertebrae and the human remains of torches that had been hurled down probably in the gap. The floor of the cave was 4 of 9 accessible cave lined with dried-grass and moss. To find material includes belt of bark, wooden boxes, a wooden board, cut to the flesh, bread, torch radicals, strings of human hair and a human skull. According to the excavator Guenter Behm-Blanck (1912-1994) from Weimar, where women have held a cult meeting and offered sacrifices.
The gap of the cavity 10 containing food waste, animal and human bones scattered. The bone layers were partially covered with stones that had been thrown probably after the meal and the absorption in the gap of the cavity.
A detailed cultural classification of the finds in the caves near Kyffhäuser Bad Frankenhausen to a population group is not possible. What is certain that it is a given in many centuries Intervals used, interregional, sacred space acted out very different rituals were held. The focus was certainly in the Late Bronze Age.
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